'TO GUARD THIS LIGHT FROM ALL ECLIPSE':
LIGHTKEEPER ANCESTORS IN SOUTH AFRICA

Was your ancestor a lighthousekeeper in South Africa? If so, the chances are good that you could find out more about him by using a combination of research sources.

Published sources often save time, and the first step is to check the lists of lightkeepers offered at the back of Harold Williams's volume 'Southern Lights', a comprehensive study of lighthouses in South Africa.¹ Williams, a lighthouse engineer whose own career began in 1947, spent many years of research before publishing his book in 1993. It's a must-read for anyone interested in lighthouses, and particularly for those with ancestors in the South African lighthouse service. A detailed history of lighthouses in this country is given, illustrated with excellent photographs.

An appendix lists lightkeepers with beginning and ending dates of their employment, as well as category ('senior', 'assistant' or 'relief') and where they were stationed. Sometimes additional detail reveals the reason for the keeper leaving the service, 'resigned', 'deceased', 'retired' or, occasionally, 'dismissed'. The keepers' initials are usually given, but there are some first names, too. These are all useful indicators for the family historian, and can provide a starting point for your quest.

However, Williams's register is not all-inclusive, as the author himself admits. Despite the wide variety of primary and secondary sources used, such as civil service lists, official visitors' books, directories and letters, there are gaps in the information. The blame for such omissions can be laid partially at the door of bureaucracy: before the declaration of the Union of South Africa in 1910, lighthouses were under the control of the colonial authorities in the relevant provinces. After Union, the SA Railways & Harbours department took over, and there were subsequent changes leading up to the eventual transfer of lighthouse administration to Portnet in 1990. Regrettably, with each successive alteration in the administrative structure, valuable material which should have been preserved was lost forever, either deliberately or by misadventure.

During my search for information on my great grandfather, Thomas Gadsden, who was keeper of the Bluff Light, Durban, from the late 1860s to early 1880s, I found no mention of his name in Williams's register, which shows keepers at this lighthouse from the mid-1880s onwards.² The Bluff Lighthouse was officially opened in January 1867, and there were certainly keepers serving there from that date. Their names appear in the Natal Almanac & Yearly Directory, which lists staff employed in various capacities by the Port Office. In 1870, for example, G Salmon is shown as Lightkeeper, with T Gadsden '2nd ditto'. Later in the decade, the Almanac reveals that T Gadsden was promoted to Head Lightkeeper (at an annual salary of £125), with D W Bell - who was, incidentally, Thomas's brother-in-law - as his assistant (salary £100). So, should your ancestor's name not appear on Williams's register, local directories for the period are an avenue worth bearing in mind, as are civil service lists.

At the time I began my family history research, well over thirty years ago, computers and internet were unimaginable tools of the distant future. Acquiring information was a slow process, from gleaning as much as possible through family members (not always a reliable source) to painstaking digging in material held in archives and libraries.

With the advent in 2001 of the South African National Archives online index, NAAIRS (National Automated Archival Information Retrieval System), SA genealogy research entered a new and exciting phase. The index, offering upwards of seven million records, with additions being made at a rate of approximately 250 000 a year, is a mine of information and may well contain the nugget you require. Access the index at www.national.archives.gov.za/ Read the helpful introductory pages first, and once you're familiar with the simple site navigation techniques, you'll return again and again. It's so addictive that this index ought to carry a government health warning!

For those specifically seeking lighthousekeeper ancestors, NAAIRS holds numerous references to lighthouses as well as to the keepers themselves. A search on the ancestor's surname plus the word 'lightkeeper' or the name of the lighthouse (if you know where he was stationed) could bring interesting results. Whether he was applying for employment, requesting leave of absence from duty, asking for a salary increase, going on pension or leaving the service for some other reason, these events would have generated memos, correspondence and other records.

For example, we find W W Ritchie applying to the Natal Harbour Department for a post as lightkeeper in 1906, that F B Shortt, Head Lighthousekeeper at the Bluff, makes application for three weeks leave from 10 May 1904, and C G Johnson, lightkeeper at Green Point, Natal, asks for an increase in pay in 1906. In the same year, the 2nd lightkeeper at Green Point, Laird, states that he wishes to dismantle the storeroom and use the materials to build quarters for African employees. Another reference reveals that J H Laird had taken his Oath of Allegiance as 2nd lightkeeper at Green Point in 1905, so evidently he hadn't long been in the situation before wanting to make improvements.

These events may not be particularly riveting, but they help to place the ancestor in context, giving date parameters which can be used to build up a chronology of his career. There are more startling examples, such as an enquiry into a lightkeeper reported to be 'drunk and violent', or a request for replacement of a '3rd lightkeeper' who had ended up in jail. Fortunately, such transgressors were in the minority. Most men showed the dedication and devotion to duty which is the keynote of the lighthouse service, and they complied with its strict regulations. Each lightkeeper was furnished with a copy of these and any breach of the rules could result in dismissal.

Some index references give an insight into the nuts and bolts of 19th century and early 20th century lighthousekeeping: reports on materials which were found not to be up to standard or had worn out and needed to be replaced, returns for oil, wicks, lenses etc. A keeper at the Aliwal Shoal Light in 1896 requests that an urgent cable be sent to Messrs. Chance Brothers 'to send at once glass chimneys'. It can't have been easy coping with bureaucratic delays, compounded by communication problems. Just acquiring some red paint to spruce up the exterior of a lighthouse generated a series of memos.

Other more personal details emerge, like the education of a certain keeper's children - a difficulty when living in a remote place far from any available schools. And a lightkeeper applying for a horse insurance proposal form in 1904, not long after the end of the Anglo-Boer War, reminds us that though the railways had arrived in SA, the horse was still vital for everyday transport.

Among archival files you may be fortunate enough to find examples of correspondence in the ancestor's own handwriting. These not only reveal the day-to-day events of a lightkeeper's life, but provide a unique and tangible link to the man himself.

It's also worth searching the index for general references to the lighthouse at which your ancestor worked, as these will give background information to add to your narrative. Even if he isn't mentioned by name in connection with that particular lighthouse, you could deduce from Williams's lists that the 'assistant lightkeeper' at a certain date was in fact your ancestor. This detective work, with the gradual building up of clues, is what makes family history research so rewarding.

Once you've gleaned the references to your ancestor which relate specifically to his lightkeeping activities, you can spread the net wider and search the index for his deceased estate file - if he died in South Africa, that is. Estate records are very informative and include the Death Notice, not to be confused with the Death Certificate which is a much briefer document. The Death Notice was usually completed by the next-of-kin of the deceased, and provides full name, birthplace, age at death, parents' names (sometimes), name of spouse and where married, and names of children. In the case of minor children, their dates of birth are stated. If there are married daughters, their married surnames are given, which can be useful if you are trying to trace living relatives.

Other contents of a typical deceased estate file are the Will, Final Liquidation and Distribution Accounts, and various correspondence. The Liquidation Account gives an idea of the deceased's financial status, while the Distribution Account shows a list of beneficiaries in the estate. Sometimes an undertaker's invoice is found among the estate papers, and could provide a clue as to burial place. Inventories give an intimate glimpse of personal possessions. If an estate file exists for your ancestor, the contents will take you several steps forward in your quest for information about him.

An in-depth look at making the most of deceased estate files can be found at www.genealogyworld.net/estate.html If you're new to South African family history research, read the downloadable Beginners Guide at www.genealogyworld.net/

Returning to published sources, there are several lightkeepers as well as lighthouse inspectors mentioned by name in Williams's book. The numerous works by Lawrence Green offer fascinating anecdotes about keepers: in 'South African Beachcomber' he tells of John Allen of Cape Point lighthouse, who found that a mantle of the wrong size had been supplied. 'It meant that the automatic flashing apparatus could not be used. However, he rigged up a six hundred candlepower electric light with a hand switch. Each keeper in turn sat with a stop watch before him, switching on for two seconds, off for eight seconds. They had to remain at this weary task for three nights until the correct mantle reached them. Try it for only half an hour and you will understand the strain involved'.

In a fitting tribute given at a ceremony on 1 March 1949 to mark the occasion of 100 years of the Cape Agulhas Lighthouse, the General Manager of SA Railways, W Marshall Clark, said:

'The Lighthouse Service has developed very considerably in recent years, but neither the men who staff the lighthouses nor the work they do is very well known. Their work confines them to the loneliest spots - like Pelican Point near Walvis Bay, Cape Columbine, Cape St Lucia and others ... As long as they keep their light shining across the seas, to guide mariners in all weathers, they are left alone, and since failure is practically unheard of, the lighthouses are taken for granted.'³

If your ancestor was one of the unsung heroes of the lighthouse service, whether in South Africa or elsewhere, don't take him for granted: discover more about his life and career, and pass his story on to future generations.

Bluff and Lighthouse ca 1880s

Bluff Lighthouse showing lightkeepers' cottages ca 1880s

Document showing Bluff Lighthouse staff salaries 21 July 1875,
signed by A W Durnford (of Zulu War fame) in his capacity as Acting Colonial Engineer

¹ H Williams: 'Southern Lights: Lighthouses of Southern Africa' (William Waterman Publications 1993) ISBN 0-9583751-1-9
² 'Keeper of the Bluff Light' can be accessed at www.genealogyworld.net/rose/maritime/keeper.html
³ Quoted in 'Southern Lights' p 18

© Rosemary Dixon-Smith